By Philip Williamson 

 

Great royal events in the United Kingdom are often a mix of old and new, and the commemoration and funeral of Queen Elizabeth II will be no exception. While there will be several strikingly new features, the seemingly traditional elements are not as old as they may appear. While some newer elements are revivals from the past.

The modern history of royal occasions is one of innovation and tradition to preserve the monarchy’s popularity and relevance. Public service and the monarch’s ability to represent the whole nation have become the main themes.

The organisation of public mourning for Elizabeth II, which began with her death on September 8 and will end after her funeral on September 19, is a huge national undertaking. However, the funerals of sovereigns have not always been public spectacles.

Early commemorations: Since the 18th century, all British monarchs were buried at Windsor and for a long period, funeral ceremonies took place within Windsor Castle.

Changes began with the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. In part, this was in recognition of her long reign of 63 years. But it was also a culmination of efforts, noticeable at her jubilees in 1887 and 1897, to make the monarchy more public. This was to encourage greater popular attachment towards the royal family in a society which was becoming more democratic – and potentially more critical of an ancient and privileged institution.

For the first time after a monarch’s death, the Church of England issued special commemorative services for use in all its local places of worship, and the leaders of most other religious communities in the United Kingdom also encouraged the organisation of local memorial services.

A public affair: Following the deaths of Victoria’s successors, further measures were taken to involve the public.

When Edward VII died in London in 1910, a public lying in State at Westminster Hall was introduced. His son, George V, insisted that access should be “democratic” and nearly 3,00,000 members of the public paid their respects by filing past the coffin.

For George V’s own funeral in 1936, the day of mourning was replaced by a national two-minute silence to avoid loss of work during a time of economic depression. The silence also linked the king’s death with the annual mass ritual of remembrance of the dead of the first world war. His lying in State was attended by over 7,50,000 people. Radio broadcasts created a vast audience for the public ceremonies, in a new form of mass participation.

For the commemoration in 1952 of King George VI, who had achieved great public prominence during the second world war, two further additions were made. After the funeral at Windsor, a special remembrance service was held at St Paul’s Cathedral, attended by members of the Government, Parliament and other national leaders. The memorial services and funeral procession in London became the first royal events to be broadcast by television as well as radio.

The commemoration of Queen Elizabeth II: Many facets of royal commemorations since 1901 remain integral to the arrangements in 2022 but there are new elements. Some of these features result from advances in television and electronic media, others are a tribute to longer reign than Queen Victoria’s.

The unexpected element was the Queen’s death in Scotland, which has enabled the organisation of a well-publicised and televised journey through numerous communities. It has also led to a procession and an additional public lying-at-rest of the coffin in Edinburgh to supplement the memorial service in St Giles’ Cathedral.

Another factor that has influenced new additions is the public expectation that royalty should be more accessible and visible, which they have become under Queen Elizabeth II.

Both the great popular admiration for the late Queen and the successful presentation of her commemoration can be measured by the extent to which members of the public are prepared to express their respect. Huge numbers of people are expected to queue for many hours, perhaps even overnight, to attend her lying-in-state for five days in Westminster Hall – just as there were long queues for the lying-at-rest in St Giles’ Cathedral. On the day of the funeral, even greater numbers are predicted to travel to London to witness the processions and ceremonies in and around Westminster Abbey to say goodbye.